Research

Baati T, Bourasset F, Gharbi N, Njim L, Abderrabba M, Kerkeni A, Szwarc H, Moussa F · Biomaterials · 2012

Summary: The most-cited C60 paper. Rats given C60 dissolved in olive oil showed no chronic toxicity, and the treated group lived markedly longer than controls in this experiment.

Limitations: A rat study, not human. Small groups, single laboratory, and the dramatic lifespan figure has not been reproduced in later work (see Grohn 2021). Widely cited but not confirmed clinical evidence.

Grohn KJ, Moyer BS, Wortel DC, Fisher CM, Lumen E, Bianchi et al. · GeroScience · 2021

Summary: A careful follow-up study in mice that did NOT reproduce a lifespan increase, and found light-exposed C60-olive-oil could be toxic. Included for balance — the scientific picture is contested.

Limitations: Animal study; different species and protocol than Baati 2012. Its main value is as an honest counterpoint: the longevity claim is not settled science.

Moussa F · Nanomaterials · 2025

Summary: A recent regulatory-standard genotoxicity assessment of C60/C70 in olive oil, examining whether the material damages DNA.

Limitations: A safety/genotoxicity assay, not an efficacy study — it speaks to whether the material is harmful, not to health benefits.

Đurašević S, Pejić S, Grigorov I, Nikolić G, et al. · Antioxidants · 2021

Summary: In rats with chemically induced liver damage, C60 was studied for protective effects on the liver and gut microbiome.

Limitations: Animal model of induced injury; results do not establish an effect in healthy humans.

Liao S, Liu G, Tan B, Qi M, et al. · Life · 2021

Summary: C60 was examined for protecting the intestine against a common mycotoxin, associated with improved antioxidant capacity.

Limitations: Animal/cell model of toxin exposure; not a human dietary study.

Zhang G, Fang H, Chang S, Chen R, et al. · Materials Today Bio · 2023

Summary: A water-soluble C60 formulation was studied for scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress in laboratory models.

Limitations: Laboratory/in-vitro work on a specific formulation; not oral supplementation, not human.

Beyaz S, Aslan A, Gok O, Agca CA, Ozercan IH · Cardiovascular Toxicology · 2023

Summary: In a rat cancer model, C60 was associated with reduced heart-tissue inflammation markers (COX-2, TNF-alpha).

Limitations: Animal disease model; measures inflammation markers, not a human clinical outcome.

Liu S, Chen D, Li X, Guan M, et al. · Nanoscale · 2020

Summary: Fullerene nanoparticles were investigated for reducing lung inflammation caused by silica exposure.

Limitations: Animal/cell model of occupational lung disease; not a dietary or human study.

Lyu Y, Yin Q, Liao X, Xie Y, et al. · Biomaterials · 2025

Summary: A modified fullerene was studied for dry-eye disease by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation at the ocular surface.

Limitations: Animal/cell study of a specific aminated derivative; not oral C60.

Wang T, Li H, Xu Z, Wang C · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2022

Summary: A water-soluble C60 + hyaluronate composite was studied for anti-inflammatory activity in skin applications.

Limitations: Cosmetic/topical formulation study; describes a specific composite, not oral C60.

Saitoh Y, Tanaka A, Hyodo S · Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology · 2021

Summary: In cultured human skin cells, a wrapped-fullerene protected against oxidative/UV-related cellular injury.

Limitations: In-vitro on cultured human cells, not a living-skin or oral study.

Martins M, Azoia NG, Melle-Franco M, Ribeiro A, Cavaco-Paulo A · Engineering in Life Sciences · 2017

Summary: Studied whether C60 can pass through skin from certain dispersions, relevant to transdermal delivery.

Limitations: Delivery/permeation study using pig skin; about how C60 moves, not a health outcome.

Chen X, Zhang Y, Yu W, Zhang W, Tang H, Yuan WE · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · 2023

Summary: A fullerene-loaded hydrogel dressing was studied for reducing wound-site oxidative stress and promoting healing.

Limitations: A wound-dressing formulation in lab/animal models; not oral supplementation.

Xu PY, Li XQ, Chen WG, Deng LL, et al. · Nanomaterials · 2022

Summary: A review summarizing laboratory research into fullerene derivatives that inhibit viral replication.

Limitations: A review of mostly in-vitro work; antiviral activity is largely for chemically modified fullerenes, not plain oral C60.

Pan YX, Xu QH, Xiao HM, Li CY · Chemosphere · 2023

Summary: A silver-modified fullerene was studied for killing S. aureus bacteria and its mechanism.

Limitations: Laboratory antibacterial study of a silver-fullerene composite; the activity is attributed to the modification, not plain C60.

Wang C, Bai Y, Li H, Liao R, et al. · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · 2016

Summary: Tracked where C60 travels in the body after administration and how surface chemistry changes its distribution.

Limitations: Animal biodistribution study; describes where C60 goes, not a health benefit.

Zaibaq NG, Pollard AC, Collins MJ, Pisaneschi F, Pagel MD, Wilson LJ · Nanomaterials · 2020

Summary: Measured how a water-soluble C60 derivative distributes through the body, relevant to any medical use.

Limitations: Animal study of a specific derivative; notes there are still no clinical carbon-nanoparticle materials in use.